You have been asked to determine whether playing violent video games makes teenagers more likely to commit crimes. What is the theoretically correct counterfactual comparison to make?
A. Compare the crime rates of teenagers who play video games with the crime rate of teenagers who do not play video games.
B. Compare the video game playing habits of teenagers who commit crimes with teenagers who do not commit crimes.
C. Compare the crime rate of teenagers who play video games with their own crime rate had they not played video games.
D. Compare the video game playing habits of teenagers who commit crimes with their own video playing habits had they not committed crimes.
E. None of the above.
Answer: C. Compare the crime rate of teenagers who play video games with their own crime rate had they not played video games.